Tiny metallic nanoparticles that shimmer in the light like the scales on a butterfly’s wing are set to become the colour-change components of a revolutionary new approach to point-of-care medical diagnostics, according to a study published in International Journal of Design Engineering.
Thomas Schalkhammer and colleagues at Attophotonics Biosciences GmbH in Austria are working with Roland Palkovits of the University of Applied Sciences, in Wiener Neustadt, to develop a nanoparticle microfluidic colour device for medical diagnostics. The team has demonstrated proof of principle in the detection of interleukin-6 as an important marker of acute sepsis.
The researchers point out that point-of-care medical diagnostics is an important part of healthcare today because it provides timely information to medical staff caring for patients as well as ensuring blood transfusion safety and providing useful surveillance data for emergency public health intervention as well as long-term public health strategies. Various studies, including one from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) have emphasised repeatedly the importance of point-of-care diagnostics. As such, researchers the world over are searching for the insights and the technology to make simple, portable, and effective diagnostic devices to meet this need.
The Austrian team has developed a novel immunoassay for gold or palladium nanoparticles that are captured via immune-reactive proteins and positioned as a thin layer just a few nanometres above a light reflective surface. The nanoparticles and the mirror form an interference system the colour of which can be tuned across the visible light spectrum. A microfluidic system – a so-called lab-on-a-chip – takes in a sample. If the target biomolecule, the disease marker, is present it will attach to the modified nanoparticles and cause a visible colour change.
The addition of a silver colloidal solution enhances the effect making the metallic colour change even more apparent. The tests can be performed in the clinic in just two to three minutes and importantly avoids any medical laboratory bottlenecks and incubation times for samples. The team reports that the tests are highly accurate and sensitive to a mere half a millionth of a milligram (500 picograms) per millilitre of sample. The nanoparticle test works even if the sample is cloudy.
“Development of a nanoparticle microfluidic colour device for point-of-care diagnostics” in Int. J. Design Engineering, vol 4, 159-185